CLINICAL INSTITUTIONAL PHARMACY PROGRAM

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About Course

Program Overview:

The Rhazes TeleHealth International Internship Program designed for undergraduate pharmacy students. This innovative program aims to fulfil the internship requirements through a fully virtual platform, utilizing both synchronized and asynchronous learning methods.

Key Features:

100% Virtual Learning:  The internship is conducted entirely online, allowing students to engage from anywhere.

Synchronized and Asynchronous Sessions: Students will benefit from real-time interactions as well as flexible, self-paced learning opportunities.

Expert Instruction: The course is delivered by a diverse team of international and local Malaysian lecturers, all of whom are experts in various fields, including:

  • Digital Health
  • Clinical Pharmacy
  • Structured Medication Management
  • Smoking Cessation
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Revolutionizing Eye Care Management

Learning Objectives:
Participants will gain practical experience and knowledge in telehealth practices, enhancing their skills in digital pharmacy services and patient management.

This internship program is ideal for pharmacy students looking to adapt to the evolving landscape of healthcare and pharmacy practice in a digital world.

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Course Content

Briefing session using the Rhazes Learning Management System (LMS) through the Rhazes Digital Academy.
The briefing session aims to familiarize participants with the Rhazes Learning Management System (LMS) offered through the Rhazes Digital Academy. The session will cover the following key points: Introduction to Rhazes LMS: Overview of the platform's features and functionalities, highlighting its role in enhancing the learning experience. Navigation and User Interface: A walkthrough of the LMS interface, including how to access courses, resources, and support materials. Course Management: Insights into how instructors can create, manage, and deliver courses effectively within the LMS. Student Engagement Tools: Discussion of interactive features such as discussion forums, quizzes, and assessments that promote student participation. Technical Support and Resources: Information on available resources for troubleshooting and maximizing the use of the LMS. Q&A Session: An opportunity for participants to ask questions and clarify any uncertainties regarding the LMS. This session is designed to ensure that all users can effectively utilize the Rhazes LMS for their educational needs.

ANTIMICROBIOL RESISTANCE (AMR) & STEWARDSHIP
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health concern that occurs when microorganisms evolve and become resistant to antimicrobial drugs, making infections harder to treat. This topic encompasses the following key areas: Understanding AMR: Definition and types of antimicrobial resistance (bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic). Mechanisms of resistance development, including genetic mutations and the role of plasmids. Causes of AMR: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine and agriculture. Poor infection prevention and control practices. Inadequate sanitation and hygiene. Impact of AMR: Increased morbidity and mortality rates due to resistant infections. Higher healthcare costs due to longer hospital stays and more complex treatments. Threat to effective medical procedures, such as surgeries and chemotherapy. Antimicrobial Stewardship: Definition and importance of stewardship programs in promoting the responsible use of antimicrobials. Strategies for effective stewardship, including guidelines for prescribing, education, and monitoring usage. Global and Local Initiatives: Overview of international efforts, such as the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on AMR. Local policies and initiatives aimed at reducing AMR and promoting public awareness. Future Directions: Research and development of new antimicrobials, vaccines, and alternative therapies. Importance of collaboration among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the public to combat AMR. This summary highlights the critical need for awareness and action regarding AMR and the essential role of stewardship in preserving the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial treatments.

PATIENT COMMUNICATION
Patient Communication is a critical component of effective healthcare delivery, encompassing the interactions between healthcare providers and patients. Effective communication fosters trust, enhances patient understanding, and improves health outcomes. Key Components: 1. Clarity and Simplicity : Using clear, jargon-free language helps ensure that patients understand their diagnoses, treatment options, and care plans. Simplifying complex medical information is essential for patient comprehension. 2. Active Listening : Healthcare providers should practice active listening to fully understand patients’ concerns, preferences, and questions. This involves giving patients time to express themselves and demonstrating empathy. 3. Nonverbal Communication : Body language, eye contact, and tone of voice play significant roles in communication. Providers should be aware of their nonverbal cues and how they may affect patient perceptions. 4. Patient Education : Providing patients with educational resources, such as pamphlets or digital materials, can reinforce verbal communication. Educating patients about their conditions and care promotes informed decision-making. 5. Shared Decision-Making : Engaging patients in the decision-making process regarding their treatment fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility. It encourages dialogue and collaboration between providers and patients

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL HEALTH
Digital Health refers to the integration of digital technologies into healthcare to enhance patient care, improve health outcomes, and streamline healthcare processes. It encompasses a broad range of tools and solutions, including mobile health applications, telemedicine, electronic health records (EHRs), wearable devices, and health information technology (HIT). Key Components: 1. Telemedicine : Enables remote consultations between patients and healthcare providers, improving access to care, especially in underserved areas. It allows for real-time communication and monitoring of patients. 2. Mobile Health (mHealth) : Involves the use of mobile devices and applications to support health management and education. These tools can help patients track their health metrics, adhere to treatment plans, and access health information. 3. Wearable Devices : Gadgets like smartwatches and fitness trackers monitor health parameters such as heart rate, activity levels, and sleep patterns. They provide valuable data that can be used for preventive care and chronic disease management. 4. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) : Digital versions of patients' paper charts, EHRs streamline documentation, enhance data sharing among providers, and improve the accuracy of patient information. 5. Health Information Technology (HIT) : Encompasses the tools and systems that facilitate the collection, storage, and analysis of health data, supporting better decision-making and operational efficiency in healthcare settings.

SERVICE BASED CLINICAL COMMUNITY PHARMACIST (SBCCP)
Service-based clinical community pharmacy practice involves pharmacists providing direct patient care services in a community setting. This model emphasizes the pharmacist's role in optimizing medication therapy, promoting health, and preventing disease, thus extending beyond traditional dispensing functions.

PERSON CENTRED vs PATIENT CENTRIC CARE (Pharmaceutical Care)
Person-Centered Care (PCC) and Patient-Centric Care (PCC) are two frameworks that emphasize the importance of individual preferences and needs in healthcare, particularly in the pharmaceutical sector. While they share common goals, they differ in focus and implementation. Key Differences: Perspective: Person-Centered Care : This approach views individuals holistically, considering their personal values, life contexts, and social determinants of health. It emphasizes the importance of the patient’s identity and experiences beyond just their medical conditions. Patient-Centric Care : This model primarily focuses on the patient’s medical needs and preferences in the context of treatment and care delivery. It aims to enhance the patient’s experience within the healthcare system.

PHARMACOGENOMICS
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic makeup affects their response to medications. This field combines pharmacology and genomics to optimize drug therapy and enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Key areas of focus include: Definition and Scope: Pharmacogenomics explores the relationship between genes and drug metabolism, efficacy, and safety. Genetic Variability: Understanding how genetic variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), can influence drug responses among different individuals. Clinical Applications: Tailoring drug prescriptions based on genetic testing to improve treatment outcomes in conditions like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Drug Metabolism: Examining how genetic factors affect the enzymes responsible for drug metabolism, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes, which can lead to variations in drug effectiveness and toxicity. Personalized Medicine: The role of pharmacogenomics in developing personalized treatment plans that consider an individual's genetic profile, leading to more effective and safer medication use. Challenges and Considerations: Ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic testing, including privacy concerns and the need for informed consent. Integration of pharmacogenomic data into clinical practice and the healthcare system. Future Directions: Advances in technology, such as next-generation sequencing, that enhance our understanding of the genome and its impact on pharmacotherapy. The potential for pharmacogenomics to revolutionize drug development and improve healthcare outcomes on a population level. This summary underscores the importance of pharmacogenomics in advancing personalized medicine and improving patient care through tailored pharmacotherapy based on genetic information.

GERIATRIC PHARMACY FALL, FRACTURE AND FRAILTY
Geriatric pharmacy focuses on the medication management and health care needs of older adults, particularly concerning falls, fractures, and frailty. This topic encompasses several critical aspects: Understanding Falls in Older Adults: Prevalence and consequences of falls, including physical injuries, loss of independence, and increased mortality. Risk factors contributing to falls, such as polypharmacy, cognitive decline, and environmental hazards. Fractures and Their Impact: Common types of fractures in older adults, particularly hip and wrist fractures. The connection between falls and fractures, emphasizing the need for preventive measures. Frailty as a Syndrome: Definition and characteristics of frailty, including weakness, weight loss, and decreased physical activity. The impact of frailty on health outcomes, including increased risk of falls and fractures. Role of Medications: Examination of how certain medications can increase the risk of falls and fractures (e.g., sedatives, antihypertensives). Importance of reviewing and optimizing medication regimens to minimize risks. Preventive Strategies: Approaches to reduce the risk of falls and fractures, including strength and balance training, home safety assessments, and medication management. The role of healthcare professionals in educating patients and caregivers about fall prevention. Interdisciplinary Care: The importance of a team-based approach involving pharmacists, physicians, physical therapists, and occupational therapists to address the complex needs of older adults. Future Directions: Research on innovative interventions and technologies to enhance fall prevention and management of frailty. Continued emphasis on education and training for healthcare providers in geriatric care. This summary highlights the critical issues of falls, fractures, and frailty in the geriatric population and underscores the essential role of pharmacy in optimizing medication management and improving health outcomes for older adults.

REVOLUTIONIZING EYE CARE MANAGEMENT
This topic explores the evolving role of pharmacists in eye care management, emphasizing innovative approaches to improve patient outcomes. Key areas of focus include: Pharmacists' Role in Eye Care: Overview of how pharmacists can contribute to the management of ocular diseases through medication therapy management, patient education, and adherence support. Common Ocular Conditions: Discussion of prevalent eye conditions such as glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, and age-related macular degeneration, along with their pharmacological treatments. Medication Management: Importance of optimizing drug therapy for ocular conditions, including the selection of appropriate formulations (e.g., drops, ointments) and managing side effects. Patient Counseling and Education: Strategies for pharmacists to educate patients on proper medication use, application techniques, and the importance of adherence to therapy. Collaborative Care Models: The value of interdisciplinary collaboration between pharmacists, optometrists, and ophthalmologists to provide comprehensive eye care and ensure continuity of care. Telepharmacy and Digital Solutions: Exploration of telehealth and digital tools that enable remote consultations, medication management, and monitoring of eye conditions, particularly in underserved populations. Future Innovations: Insights into emerging technologies and therapies in eye care, such as gene therapy and advanced drug delivery systems, and the pharmacist’s role in these developments. Research and Advocacy: The need for ongoing research to assess the impact of pharmacist-led interventions in eye care and the importance of advocating for expanded roles in patient management. This summary highlights the transformative potential of pharmacists in eye care management, emphasizing their critical role in enhancing patient education, medication adherence, and collaborative care to improve ocular health outcomes.

ADJUSTING DOSAGE FOR SPECIAL POPULATION : HEPATIC
Adjusting medication dosages for patients with hepatic impairment is crucial for ensuring safety and efficacy in pharmacotherapy. This topic covers the following key aspects: Importance of Hepatic Function: Overview of the liver's role in drug metabolism and elimination, highlighting how hepatic impairment can affect pharmacokinetics. Types of Hepatic Impairment: Discussion of various levels of liver dysfunction, including mild, moderate, and severe impairment, and their impact on drug metabolism. Pharmacokinetic Changes: Explanation of how hepatic impairment can alter absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs, leading to altered drug concentrations in the body. Dosage Adjustment Strategies: Guidelines for adjusting dosages based on liver function tests (e.g., AST, ALT, bilirubin) and established criteria such as the Child-Pugh score. Specific examples of medications requiring dosage adjustments, including anticoagulants, opioids, and certain antibiotics. Monitoring and Assessment: The importance of regular monitoring of liver function and drug levels to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects. Patient Education: Strategies for educating patients about the significance of adherence to modified dosing regimens and recognizing potential side effects related to liver function. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: The role of healthcare teams, including pharmacists, physicians, and specialists, in developing individualized treatment plans for patients with hepatic impairment. Future Directions: Ongoing research into pharmacogenomics and its potential impact on personalized medicine for patients with liver disease. This summary emphasizes the critical need for careful dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic impairment to ensure effective and safe medication management, highlighting the pharmacist's role in this process.

MEDICATION SAFETY
Medication Safety refers to the practices and systems designed to prevent medication errors and ensure the safe and effective use of medications. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from prescribing and dispensing to administration and monitoring. Key Concepts: 1. Medication Errors : These can occur at various stages of the medication process, including prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, and monitoring. Errors may involve incorrect dosages, wrong medications, or inappropriate routes of administration. 2. High-Alert Medications : Certain medications carry a higher risk of causing significant harm if used incorrectly. These include anticoagulants, insulin, and opioids. Special attention is required when handling these medications. 3. Patient Education : Educating patients about their medications—dosage, side effects, and interactions—plays a crucial role in ensuring safe use. Informed patients are better equipped to recognize and report potential issues. 4. Technology in Medication Safety : Tools such as electronic prescribing (e-prescribing), barcoding systems, and clinical decision support systems help reduce the risk of errors. These technologies enhance accuracy and improve communication among healthcare providers. 5. Interprofessional Collaboration : Effective medication safety requires teamwork among healthcare professionals, including doctors, pharmacists, nurses, and patients. Collaborative approaches can help identify and mitigate risks.

PATIENT PROFILING
Patient Profiling is a systematic approach to collecting and analyzing patient data to create comprehensive profiles that inform personalized healthcare strategies. This process enhances the understanding of individual patients’ health needs, preferences, and behaviors, leading to improved care delivery. Key Aspects of Patient Profiling : 1. Data Collection : Patient profiling involves gathering various types of data, including: - Demographic Information : Age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. - Medical History : Previous diagnoses, treatments, and medication history. - Lifestyle Factors : Diet, physical activity, and habits such as smoking or alcohol use. - Patient Preferences : Values, beliefs, and preferences regarding treatment options. 2. Risk Stratification : Profiling helps identify patients at higher risk for certain conditions or complications. This enables healthcare providers to prioritize resources and interventions for those who need them most. 3. Personalized Care Plans : By analyzing patient profiles, healthcare providers can develop tailored care plans that address specific needs and preferences, ultimately enhancing patient engagement and adherence to treatment. 4. Predictive Analytics : Advanced analytical tools can leverage patient profiles to predict health outcomes, allowing for proactive interventions and better management of chronic diseases.

THE ROLE OF PHARMACISTS IN RECOGNIZING MENTAL HEALTH CRISES AND PROVIDING APPROPRIATE REFERRALS AND SUPPORT.
Pharmacists play a crucial role in the healthcare system, particularly in recognizing mental health crises and providing appropriate referrals and support. Their accessibility and frequent interactions with patients position them uniquely to identify signs of mental distress and intervene effectively. Recognizing Mental Health Crises Identification of Symptoms: Pharmacists are trained to recognize behavioral, emotional, and physical indicators of mental health issues, such as changes in mood, anxiety levels, and signs of distress. They can observe these changes during routine consultations or when patients request medications related to mental health, such as antidepressants or anxiolytics [1]. Understanding Risk Factors: Knowledge of risk factors for mental health crises, including previous mental health history, substance abuse, and significant life changes, enables pharmacists to assess patients more effectively. This understanding is critical in identifying individuals who may be at higher risk for conditions like depression or anxiety [1]. Providing Support and Referrals Compassionate Counseling: Pharmacists can offer empathetic support and counseling to patients experiencing mental health issues. This includes discussing medication adherence, potential side effects, and the importance of following treatment plans [1]. Utilizing Screening Tools: Pharmacists can employ screening tools, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, to evaluate the severity of a patient's mental health condition and determine the need for further intervention [1]. Referral to Mental Health Professionals: When necessary, pharmacists can refer patients to mental health professionals, such as psychologists or psychiatrists, for specialized care. This referral process is essential for patients requiring more intensive treatment or those in crisis [1]. Creating a Supportive Environment: Establishing a nonjudgmental and confidential atmosphere in the pharmacy encourages patients to discuss their mental health concerns openly. This supportive environment is vital for effective communication and trust-building [1]. Education and Resources: Pharmacists can provide educational resources about mental health conditions and available treatments, helping patients understand their options and the importance of seeking help [1]. Conclusion Overall, pharmacists are integral to the early identification and management of mental health crises. Their role in providing compassionate support, utilizing screening tools, and facilitating referrals to mental health services significantly enhances patient care and outcomes. Learn more: Mental Health and Suicide Awareness: A Guide for Pharmacists The role of pharmacy in mental health and wellbeing | RPS Community Pharmacists’ Views on Their Roles in Mental Health Screening and Management in Malaysia | Community Mental Health Journal

Student Assessment (1)
Dear Student, You are required to complete all the MCQ Quiz Assessments. You have plenty of time to finish this task, from 11 PM on May 5, 2025, until 11 PM on May 18, 2025. Wishing everyone good luck and all the best! Feel free to let me know if you need any further adjustments! Notes : 1. Please write your Full Name 2. Use the given Link to answer your Quiz : http://zzi.sh/dhn87922 3. Key in this code if necessary dhn87922 Alll the best to everyone.

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